Daoism among minority nationalities

Daoism among minority nationalities
Almost all of the various ethnic groups at the margins of the Chinese ecumene have had some contact with Daoism, and the cultures of some of them have been profoundly transformed by it. Generally, at present, Daoist influence is most profound and pervasive among the non-Han peoples of the south and southwest, while Tibetan Buddhist practices are widely influential among the peoples of the west and north. In their present form, Daoist teachings are thought to have been spread among the highland non-Han peoples of the south during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), following the rise of new Taoist movements such as Tianxin zhengfa, Shenxiao, Qingwei and Jingming, most of which originated in south China.
Today, a particularly remarkable form of Daoism is found among the Mian-speaking Yao peoples of Guangxi and contiguous provinces. Mian-Yao have also migrated in recent centuries southwards into mainland Southeast Asia, and communities are found in northern Vietnam and northern Thailand. There, every male member of the community is ordained, at least ideally. Group ordinations are held, often for all the young men in the lineage. At the first level of ordination, called ‘Hanging the Lamps’ (kwa-tang), young men are given basic religious instruction, introduced to the gods of the pantheon, and are taught how to walk on the Bridge of the Seven Stars (of the Northern Dipper). They are given a religious name, provided with booklets for basic liturgy, and are subsequently entitled to perform some rituals.
There is a second degree of ordination. The ordination ceremony, called ‘Ordination of the Master’ (tou-sai), involves preparatory fasting and ordeals, such as climbing a sword ladder. Visits in a trance-like state to Plum Mountain (Meishan), the abode of the ancestors, and to the gate of the High Pavilion of Middle Heaven are followed by fire-walking and, finally, carrying a red-hot plough-share back to the house altar. Ordinates are given a seal and ordination certificate, and are henceforth qualified to perform a wide range of rituals. There are two additional levels of ordination available, ‘Adding Duties’ (chia-tse) and ‘Enfeoffing Liturgies’ (pwang-ko).
Women also participate. They attend ordinations in full ceremonial dress, and are granted seals, patents and religious names corresponding to those of their husbands. Both men and women receive command over spirit soldiers (peng-ma), the number of which depends on the degree of ordination.
Daoism among the Yao has been seen as representing a very conservative form of religious practice, exhibiting parallels with the communitarian Daoism that flourished in the earliest known Taoist communities and the collective fasts of medieval times. It may also be seen, however, as a response to the pressure of Han Chinese persecution of the Yao in recent centuries. The Yao themselves refer to their religion as the ‘Plum Mountain Teaching’ (Meishanjiao). Their liturgical texts, which also mention Lüshan, are all in Chinese, as are their ritual documents and charms (fu).
A more indigenized form of the Plum Mountain Teaching is found among the Zhuang in Guangxi, where Zhuang ‘ritual masters’ (bouxsae) combine the recitation of Chinese-language texts with those in ‘old Zhuang script’. The Chinese-language texts are similar to those of the Yao but the texts in Zhuang often incorporate a great deal of pre-Daoist material, such as local legends and hagiographies of local saints. In the performance of rituals, song-forms and dance styles typical of the Tai-speaking south are encapsulated within a Chinese-style liturgical framework. Similar combinations of Chinese Daoist and indigenous elements are found in the religious practices of many non-Han peoples of southern China, such as among the Tibeto-Burman speaking Tujia in western Hunan and southern Sichuan. Given the intensification of assimilation pressures in recent centuries, Daoism often served as a form of protective colouring, allowing people to perpetuate the customs and the words of their ancestors under an acceptably Chinese guise.
Holm, David (1994). ‘The Redemption of Vows in Shanglin’. Min-su ch’ü-i [Folklore and Performance] 92:853–909.
Lemoine, Jacques (1982). Yao Ceremonial Paintings. Bangkok: White Lotus.
Yoshiro, Shiratori (1975). Yonin bunsho [Yao documents]. Tokyo: Kodansha.
DAVID HOLM

Encyclopedia of contemporary Chinese culture. . 2011.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Yao, culture of — With a population of over 2.2 million, the Yao live in mountainous villages scattered over 130 counties in the Guangxi Autonomous Region and the provinces of Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Jiangxi. Most are farmers, but some manage forests …   Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture

  • Lüshan jiao (Sannai jiao) — Regional religious tradition The ‘Religious Teaching of Mount Lü’ (Lüshan jiao), or ‘Religious Teaching of the Three Ladies’ (Sannai jiao), is a Daoist ritual tradition of southern China (Fujian, southern Zhejiang and Taiwan) whose origins are… …   Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture

  • temple fairs — (miaohui) or ‘competitive celebrations to welcome the gods’ (yingshen saihui) take place in temples dedicated to local gods throughout rural China, and in a few closely regulated urban temples. The pantheon of gods worshipped in China extends… …   Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture

  • china — /chuy neuh/, n. 1. a translucent ceramic material, biscuit fired at a high temperature, its glaze fired at a low temperature. 2. any porcelain ware. 3. plates, cups, saucers, etc., collectively. 4. figurines made of porcelain or ceramic material …   Universalium

  • China — /chuy neuh/, n. 1. People s Republic of, a country in E Asia. 1,221,591,778; 3,691,502 sq. mi. (9,560,990 sq. km). Cap.: Beijing. 2. Republic of. Also called Nationalist China. a republic consisting mainly of the island of Taiwan off the SE coast …   Universalium

  • Yi people — For the peoples living to the east of the early Chinese civilization, see Dongyi. Yi Alternative names: Nuosu and dozens of others Total population 7,762,286[1] …   Wikipedia

  • Bai Xianyong — (Pai Hsien yung) b. 1937, Guilin, Guangxi Writer, professor Widely regarded as ‘arguably the most accomplished contemporary writer of fiction in China’ and ‘a master of portraiture’, Bai Xianyong’s fiction has been appreciated by readers… …   Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture

  • Jurchens — The Jurchens (zh tsp|t=|s=|p=nǚzhēn) were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria (Northeast China) until the 17th century, when they adopted the name Manchu. They established the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) ( ancun gurun in ancient… …   Wikipedia

  • education — /ej oo kay sheuhn/, n. 1. the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life. 2. the act or process of… …   Universalium

  • Malaysia — /meuh lay zheuh, sheuh/, n. 1. a constitutional monarchy in SE Asia: a federation, comprising the former British territories of Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak: member of the Commonwealth of Nations. 20,376,235; 126,310 sq. mi. (327,143 sq. km). Cap …   Universalium

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”